Adélia Marinho de Souza’s cottage garden is a hidden treasure. You leave behind the rough pavement, rank smells, and sewage-contaminated streets of the city of Altamira in the Brazilian Amazon, walk through her simple terraced house, and step out into a delightful bit of Eden.
It has fruit trees — lemon, acerola, graviola (soursop), pitanga (a kind of cherry), passion fruit — and is overflowing with herbs — malva grossa, “good for coughs”; peppermint, “sorts out digestive problems”; aloe vera, “good for skin problems”; and dozens more. There are also chickens, ducks and a few tortoises.
Marinho de Souza is 73 years old. She’s been tending this garden for 40 years. She tells me of the staggering changes that have come to Altamira and this part of the Amazon. During the first half of the 20th century, her parents left behind the poverty of northeast Brazil and moved here to tap rubber. She and her nine brother and sisters were all born in the rainforest.
Adélia did well for herself, marrying the local patrão, the middleman who bought rubber from the tappers and supplied them with food and equipment. Her husband, Benedito Batista da Gama, now 83 and seriously ill, was known as a bom patrāo (a good boss) — he didn’t let the tappers down and supplied them with medicine when they were ill. But he was no philanthropist: during the best years he made a considerable sum from the rubber, Brazil nuts and jaguar skins that he bought from roughly 150 forest families.
While Benedito stayed mostly in the forest to work, Adélia moved to Altamira so that their four children — three girls and a boy — could get a private education. Today they all enjoy comfortable urban lives. But Adélia hankers after the forest, seeing it perhaps through rose-tinted glasses. “I want to go back there to die”, she says. “I dream of the peace there and the abundant fish”.
Today’s Altamira offers little peace. Its population has swollen to over 100,000 in the last few years, with an influx of unskilled workers from all over Brazil, men keen to find work on the nearby Belo Monte dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in the world.
That population boom brought crime with it. Adélia’s house was recently broken into, and the thieves stole her chickens. Adding to her unease, she might soon lose her garden — the dam’s engineers are uncertain just how high the river will rise and flood, once Belo Monte starts operation.
Further down the same street, another patrão, 83-year-old, Thiago Pereira, now virtually housebound, remembers Altamira well before Adélia arrived. “I was ten years old, when we got here in 1943”, he says. “Altamira was a tiny settlement of a few dozen houses in the middle of thick forest. We arrived by boat, travelling up the Xingu river. No roads then. It was peaceful, so peaceful.”
The scale of this change, mind-boggling as it is, is not unusual in this part of the world. Over the last half century, Brazil’s economic frontier reached the region, bringing a huge influx of workers — waves of loggers, gold-panners, cattlemen, miners, road and dam builders.
I share some of the shock felt by the patrões at the Amazon’s rapid pace of change. A few years ago, I revisited Redençāo, a town located 600 kilometres to the south of Altamira. I hadn’t been there since the mid-1970s, when I and another journalist hitched a lift in a lorry taking supplies to a construction team building the Transamazônica Highway. The dirt track we travelled then was precarious and on occasion, after a drumming tropical rain, the lorry had to stop to wait until the muddy ruts dried out.
Redençāo turned out to be a hamlet of some 15 shacks, all built out of mahogany, easily recognized by its reddish hue. By the time of my second visit, its population had soared to 80,000. It had paved roads, electricity and an airport. I couldn’t even work out where the old, original Redençāo had been located in this prosperous new town.
Now, back to the Altamira of today. It is an unhealthy and unpleasant place. There’s no public transportation. Numerous buses fly by on the poorly paved streets, but almost all are run by Norte Energia, the company building the Belo Monte dam, and the vehicles only transport their workers. Ordinary people have to walk, catch lifts or pay for a moto-taxi (a motorbike taxi), not cheap at an average price of R$5 (US$1.25) for the shortest trips. People complain about the long queues to get medical attention.
Altamira shouldn’t be like this. One of the commitments made jointly by the federal government and Norte Energia to IBAMA, the environmental agency, in return for its go-ahead for the dam, was to make big improvements in the town’s infrastructure.
In a dossier documenting the social failings of the Belo Monte dam, the non-governmental organization ISA (Social and Environmental Institute) asks: “How is it possible that a project, largely undertaken by the federal government, financed by the BNDES [National Bank of Social and Economic Development], patrolled by the Força Nacional [a special police force], and monitored by IBAMA was not capable of completing a single hospital during the three years of peak work at the construction site?”
Another failure has been in the provision of basic sanitation: Norte Energia has installed a municipal sewage system but has refused to link houses to it, insisting that this is the responsibility of the city government. As a result, there are still open sewers everywhere you go, as I know to my cost. When I was there two years ago, I arrived in the dark at the house where I was to stay. Getting out of the car, I immediately slipped into an open sewer. My hosts, whom I’d never met before, had to take me round to the back of their home and hose me down before I could step over the threshold. It’s a story that has done the rounds and on this visit several people laughingly recalled it.
With the first phase of the Belo Monte dam now complete, Altamira’s population is falling. I bought knee-length football socks to protect me from insects in the jungle from a street seller, who told me that he’d soon be leaving. “Sales have dropped off”, he complained. “I’ll soon be moving on to Itaituba.” That’s a town on the Tapajós River, which will shortly become the main support centre for the construction of a complex of seven dams planned for the Tapajós River and its tributaries — the next large river to the west of the Xingu that flows into the Amazon. The government expects Sāo Luiz do Tapajós, the first of these dams, to come online in 2019.
But the street seller may be jumping the gun. The Munduruku Indians, who live along the Tapajós River, took part in a protest that occupied the Belo Monte construction site, and they saw first-hand the impact the dam had on their “relatives”, as they call the Indians living there. After a lengthy study, Thais Santi, the Prosecutor for the MPF (Ministério Público Federal/Federal Public Ministry) in Altamira, concluded that the harm done by Belo Monte to “the social organisation, customs, language and traditions” of the indigenous groups was so severe that it amounted to “ethnocide”. When I spoke to Santi, she said that the judicial action she has taken on this issue — demanding that the viability of the dam be reconsidered because of the ethnocide — was the most important piece of work she had done during her four years in Altamira. The case is still pending.
The Munduruku are determined not to suffer a similar fate on the Tapajós, and have mounted an all-out campaign to stop the dams planned for their river. But the government seems unruffled by the indigenous opposition: in December 2015 Eduardo Braga, Brazil’s minister for mines and energy, called the dam a “priority” for the country and said that all the necessary approvals had been obtained, except the one from FUNAI, the indigenous agency. He expects the bidding for the contract to be held in the second half of this year.
Still, even if the Tapajós dams do go ahead, there will almost certainly be a long, drawn out conflict regarding these next big hydroelectric projects — especially after the many social and environmental problems with Belo Monte.
This article was written by one of Latin America Bureau's group of analysts. If you'd like to read more of our articles, visit www.lab.org.uk, sign up for the LAB newsletter on our home page, or visit our Facebook (facebook.com/latinamericabureau). It's all free.
